Data Centers

Smith, Sarah Josephine, Alex Hubbard, Alexander Newkirk, Mohan Ganeshalingam, Billie Holecek, Dale A Sartor, Michael Mills, and Arman Shehabi. United States Data Center Energy Usage Report: 2025 Update. 2026.

Kahrl, Fredrich, and Natalie Mims Frick. Speed to Power: Solutions for Accelerating Large Load Connections. 2026.

Kurtz, Jennifer, Jibran Zuberi, Luke Wierl, and Steve Hammond. " Avoiding Waste Heat through AI Infrastructure Thermal Integration." National Academy of Engineering 56.1 (2026).

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Breunig, Hanna. "Recent developments in primary copper supply in the United States." Cleaner Logistics and Supply Chain (2026) 100343.

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Georgis, Tony. "DOE Energy Innovator Fellows informational webinar: Electricity Cost of Service Studies." 2026.

Welcome Slides PDF

Presentation PDF

Grahovac, Milica, Sarah Josephine Smith, Alexander Newkirk, Evan Neill, Zheng He, and Vlada Dementyeva. "Shape Maker: Data Center and Industrial Electrical Load Shape Generator." 2026.

Frick, Natalie Mims, and Vinita Srinivasan. 2026 Large Load Literature Review and Data Sources. 2026.

Large Load Literature Review May 2026

Large Load Data Sources May 2026

Lei, Nuoa, Jun Lu, Arman Shehabi, and Eric R Masanet. "The water use of data center workloads: A review and assessment of key determinants." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 219 (2025) 108310.

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Smith, Sarah Josephine, and Natalie Mims Frick. "DOE Energy Innovator Fellows Informational Webinar: Data Centers." 2025.

Data Center Energy Use and Load Flexibility

Large Loads: Forecasting, Interconnection, Tariff Designs and Special Contracts

Frick, Natalie Mims, and Vinita Srinivasan. 2025 Large Load Literature Review. 2025.

Large Load Literature Review December 2025

Singh, Reshma, Paul A Mathew, Jessica Granderson, and Yash Shukla. Guidelines for Datacenter Energy Information System . 2013.

Kirchstetter, Thomas W, Sarah Josephine Smith, Arman Shehabi, and Dale A Sartor. DOE Data Center Load Flexibility Workshop Summary. 2025.

Satchwell, Andrew, Natalie Mims Frick, Peter Cappers, Sanem Sergici, Ryan Hledik, Goksin Kavlak, and Glenda Oskar. "Electricity Rate Designs for Large Loads: Evolving Practices and Opportunities." 2025.

Technical Brief PDF

Long, Angela, Ryan Long, and Natalie Mims Frick. Virtual Power Plants: Insights, Profiles and Inventory. 2025.

Insights into Scaling VPPs PDF

VPP Profiles and Inventory PDF

Insights into Scaling VPPs: Appendices PDF

VPP Inventory v1 XLSX

Presentation PDF

Shehabi, Arman, Sarah Josephine Smith, Alex Hubbard, Alexander Newkirk, Nuoa Lei, Md AbuBakar Siddik, Billie Holecek, Jonathan G Koomey, Eric R Masanet, and Dale A Sartor. 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2024.

Sartor, Dale A, Bo Shen, and Arman Shehabi. Repurposing coal assets for a decarbonized digital economy. 2023.

Grahovac, Milica, Paul Ehrlich, Jianjun Hu, and Michael Wetter. "Model-based data center cooling controls comparative co-design." Science and Technology for the Built Environment (2023).

Journal Article PDF

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Agarwal, Shreya, and Douglas R Black. "Optimal sizing of microgrid DERs for specialized critical load resilience." 2022 IEEE Green Energy and Smart Systems Conference (IGESSC)2022 IEEE Green Energy and Smart System Systems (IGESSC). Long Beach, CA, USA: IEEE, 2022.

Grahovac, Milica, Paul Ehrlich, Jianjun Hu, and Michael Wetter. "Data Center Chiller Plant: Simulation-based Comparative Control Design Case Study." Proceedings of the 2022 Building Performance Analysis Conference and SimBuild. Vol. 10. ASHRAE and IBPSA-USA, 2022.

simbuild2022_c042.pdf