Technology standards for direct current microgrids in buildings: A review

Direct current (DC) microgrids are gaining traction in the building sector for their compatibility with renewable energy sources and their advantages in energy efficiency, power quality, and reliability. This study provides an up-to-date review of the standardization of DC microgrids in buildings, beginning with a definition of DC power distribution in terms of architecture, voltage levels, sources, storage, and loads. It covers and compares technology standards from various regions and communities, offering a comprehensive overview of power electronic devices, DC metering standards, grounding arrangements, protection techniques, and power over communication lines. The review maps the current landscape of low-voltage DC power standards and shares best practices while identifying gaps and technical challenges for future standardization in the building sector, thereby contributing to the transition toward reduced carbon emissions in future buildings. This work supports United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 11 by promoting the development of energy-efficient and reliable building power systems that are essential for sustainable urban infrastructure.