%0 Journal Article
%K renewable energy
%K Hydrogen
%K grid integration
%K Fuel cell electric vehicle
%K Electric power system
%K Duck curve
%A Dai Wang
%A Matteo Muratori
%A Joshua Eichman
%A Max Wei
%A Samveg Saxena
%A Cong Zhang
%B Journal of Power Sources
%D 2018
%G eng
%P 383 - 391
%R 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.07.101
%T Quantifying the flexibility of hydrogen production systems to support large-scale renewable energy integration
%U https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378775318308267https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0378775318308267?httpAccept=text/xmlhttps://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0378775318308267?httpAccept=text/plain
%V 399
%8 01/2018
%! Journal of Power Sources
%X <p><a title="Learn more about Hydrogen" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/hydrogen" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&amp;q=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/hydrogen&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1533946211913000&amp;usg=AFQjCNHlgy-kj8R1NBgbHVTUVSncQ7mlHg">Hydrogen</a>&nbsp;is a flexible energy carrier that can be produced in various ways and support a variety of applications including industrial processes, energy storage and electricity production, and can serve as an alternative transportation fuel. Hydrogen can be integrated in multiple energy sectors and has the potential to increase overall energy system flexibility, improve energy security, and reduce environmental impact. In this paper, the interactions between&nbsp;<a title="Learn more about Fuel Cell" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/fuel-cell" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&amp;q=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/fuel-cell&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1533946211913000&amp;usg=AFQjCNFMLLNGHmjvSAbm-a6eScjOPpJVJQ">fuel cell</a>&nbsp;electric vehicles (FCEVs),&nbsp;<a title="Learn more about Hydrogen Production" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/hydrogen-production" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&amp;q=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/hydrogen-production&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1533946211913000&amp;usg=AFQjCNF92uStD9RkBobqUEtu0BcCnXthMQ">hydrogen production</a>&nbsp;facilities, and the electric power grid are explored. The flexibility of hydrogen production systems can create synergistic opportunities to better integrate renewable sources into the electricity system. To quantify this potential, we project the hourly system-wide balancing challenges in California out to 2025 as more renewables are deployed and electricity demand continues to grow. Passenger FCEV adoption and refueling behavior are modeled in detail to spatially and temporally resolve the hydrogen demand. We then quantify the system-wide balancing benefits of controlling hydrogen production from water electrolysis to mitigate renewable intermittency, without compromising the mobility needs of FCEV drivers. Finally, a control algorithm that can achieve different objectives, including peak shaving, valley filling, and ramping mitigation is proposed. Our results show that oversizing electrolyzers can provide considerable benefits to mitigate renewable intermittency, while also supporting the deployment of hydrogen vehicles to help decarbonize the transportation sector.&nbsp;</p>