%0 Journal Article
%K California
%K Building simulation
%K Cool roof
%K Heat Island
%K Solar reflectance
%K Cool coating
%K Cooling energy
%K Cooling power
%K Near-infrared reflectance
%K Tile roof
%A Ronnen M Levinson
%A Hashem Akbari
%A Joseph C Reilly
%B Building and Environment
%D 2007
%G eng
%N 7
%P 2591-2605
%R 10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.06.005
%T Cooler tile-roofed buildings with near-infrared-reflective non-white coatings
%V 42
%8 07/2007
%X <p>Owners of homes with pitched roofs visible from ground level often prefer non-white roofing products for aesthetic considerations. Non-white, near-infrared-reflective architectural coatings can be applied in situ to pitched concrete or clay tile roofs to reduce tile temperature, building heat gain, and cooling power demand, while simultaneously improving the roof's appearance. Scale-model measurements of building temperature and heat-flux were combined with solar and cooling energy use data to estimate the effects of such cool-roof coatings in various California climates. Under typical conditions—e.g., 1 kWm<sup>-2</sup> summer afternoon insolation, R-11 attic insulation, no radiant barrier, and a 0.3 reduction in solar absorptance—absolute reductions in roof surface temperature, attic air temperature, and ceiling heat-flux are about 12, 6.2 K, and 3.7 Wm<sup>-2</sup>, respectively. For a typical 1,500 ft<sup>2</sup> (139m<sup>2</sup>)house with R-11 attic insulation and no radiant barrier, reducing roof absorptance by 0.3 yields whole-house peak power savings of 230 W in Fresno, 210 W in San Bernardino, and 210 W in San Diego. The corresponding absolute and fractional cooling energy savings are 92 kWhyr<sup>-1 </sup>(5%), 67kWhyr<sup>-1</sup> (6%), and 8kWhyr<sup>-1</sup> (1%), respectively. These savings are about half those previously reported for houses with non-tile roofs. With these assumptions, the statewide peak cooling power and annual cooling energy reductions would be 240 MW and 63 GWhyr<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. Statewide energy savings would reduce annual emissions from California power plants by 35 kton CO<sub>2</sub>, 1.1 ton NO<sub>x</sub>, and 0.86 ton SO<sub>x</sub>. The economic value of cooling energy savings is well below the cost of coating a tile roof, but the simple payback times for using cool pigments in a roof tile coating are modest (5-7 yr) in the warm climates of Fresno and San Bernardino.</p>