TY - JOUR
KW - Reduction
KW - Surface
KW - Battery electrodes
KW - Hard X-ray
KW - Manganese
KW - Soft X-ray
AU - Artur Braun
AU - Hongxin Wang
AU - Uwe Bergmann
AU - Michael C Tucker
AU - Weiwei Gu
AU - Stephen P Cramer
AU - Elton J Cairns
AB - <p>L-edge X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy and K<sub>β</sub> emission spectroscopy were applied to monitor ex situ chemical valence changes of manganese in battery electrode materials as they appear during electrode processing and battery operation. We found that significant chemical shifts of the spectra occur already during electrode fabrication, prior to any electrochemical treatment. Employment of these two different techniques allows for the qualitative separation of contributions originating from the surface and from the bulk of the electrode particles.</p>
BT - Journal of Power Sources
DA - 10/2002
DO - 10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00367-1
IS - 1
LA - eng
M1 - 1
N2 - <p>L-edge X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy and K<sub>β</sub> emission spectroscopy were applied to monitor ex situ chemical valence changes of manganese in battery electrode materials as they appear during electrode processing and battery operation. We found that significant chemical shifts of the spectra occur already during electrode fabrication, prior to any electrochemical treatment. Employment of these two different techniques allows for the qualitative separation of contributions originating from the surface and from the bulk of the electrode particles.</p>
PY - 2002
SP - 231
EP - 235
T2 - Journal of Power Sources
TI - Origin of chemical shift of manganese in lithium battery electrode materials—a comparison of hard and soft X-ray techniques
VL - 112
ER -