@article{bibcite_36934,
  keywords = {Gallium, Supply chain, Critical minerals, Recycling, Material flow analysis, Cost analysis},
  author = {Jannis Wesselkaemper and Alex C Newkirk and Thomas P Hendrickson and Nadiyah Helal and Prakash Rao and Sarah Josephine Smith and Andrew Z Haddad},
  title = {Enhancing supply resilience for critical materials: case study of gallium supply in the United States},
  abstract = {<p>Accelerating energy technology development will increase demand for <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/critical-raw-material">critical raw materials</a>, such as <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/gallium">gallium</a>, that enable <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/clean-energy-technology">clean energy technologies</a>. Processing of gallium is concentrated in mainland China (98 \% of global production in 2023), resulting in high supply risks for importing countries. To investigate pathways for more resilient supply, we develop a <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/material-flow-analysis">material flow analysis</a> and apply it to the United States, showing the impacts of future domestic primary raw material production and end-of-life (EoL) product recycling on reducing import reliance of raw gallium metal. We complement this analysis with a techno-economic assessment of North American gallium production costs under various demand growth scenarios. Our results indicate that sufficient domestic <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/feedstock">feedstocks</a> exist to meet <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/united-states-of-america">U.S.</a> demand under most scenarios by 2035, while EoL recycling can supply up to 50 \% under a low-demand growth scenario. Domestic <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/primary-production">primary production</a> shows significant cost advantages over gallium recycling.</p>},
  year = {2025},
  booktitle = {Resources, Conservation and Recycling},
  journal = {Resources, Conservation and Recycling},
  series = {Resources, Conservation and Recycling},
  volume = {222},
  pages = {108436},
  month = {08/2025},
  institution = {Elsevier BV},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  issn = {0921-3449},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108436},
  doi = {10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108436},
}