@article{bibcite_36840,
  author = {Yuhan Wang and Lucas A.J Bastien and Yuan Wang and Ling Jin and Robert A Harley},
  title = {Temperature and stagnation effects on ozone sensitivity to NOx and VOC: an adjoint modeling study in central California},
  abstract = {<p>Extreme weather events like heatwaves and stagnation are increasing with climate change. While<br>their effects on ozone levels have been extensively studied, how extreme weather alters O3-NOx -VOC sensi-<br>tivity and optimal mitigation strategies is less explored. Here, we apply the CMAQ adjoint model over central<br>California to quantify ozone sensitivity to spatiotemporally resolved precursor emissions under three meteoro-<br>logical scenarios (baseline, high-T, and stagnation) and three emission years (2000, 2012, and 2022). Results<br>show that meteorology-induced changes in sensitivity are comparable in magnitude to those from decadal emis-<br>sion reductions. Higher temperature (+5 {\textdegree}C) amplifies ozone sensitivity to both NOx and VOC, with the largest<br>relative increase in biogenic VOC sources. High-T conditions shift ozone chemistry toward NOx limitation un-<br>der a VOC-limited emission scenario, but increase the relative importance of VOC control for a NOx -limited<br>scenario. Stagnation consistently pushes ozone chemistry toward VOC limitation across emission scenarios, in-<br>creasing VOC sensitivity by a factor of \~{} 3{\textendash}4. Stagnation also spatially shifts influential source areas, especially<br>for NOx , and temporally amplifies prior-day emission impacts due to enhanced pollutant carryover. As the study<br>domain transitions to a NOx -limited regime over time, we identify a growing subset of {\textquotedblleft}climate-resilient{\textquotedblright} source<br>targets that remain impactful across meteorological scenarios, along with spatial convergence in optimal loca-<br>tions for NOx and VOC emission control. These findings underscore both the need and feasibility to consider<br>meteorological extremes in the design of ozone mitigation strategies for a warming climate.</p>},
  year = {2025},
  booktitle = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  series = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {17651{\textendash}17665},
  month = {12/2025},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-17651-2025},
  doi = {10.5194/acp-25-17651-2025},
}