@article{bibcite_36662,
  author = {Venkata Sai Avvaru and Tianyu Li and Gi-Hyeok Lee and Young-Woon Byeon and Krishna Prasad Koirala and Otavio Jovino Marques and Bernardine L. D Rinkel and Yanbao Fu and David Milsted and Seonghun Jeong and Nathan J Szymanski and Martin Kunz and Finn Babbe and Eunryeol Lee and Vincent S Battaglia and Bryan D McCloskey and Johanna Nelson Weker and Chongmin Wang and Wanli Yang and Rapha{\"e}le J Cl{\'e}ment and Haegyeom Kim},
  title = {Alternative Solid-State Synthesis Route for Highly Fluorinated Disordered Rock-Salt Cathode Materials for High-Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries},
  abstract = {<p>Fluorination has been identified as a key element for enabling the stable cycling of earth-abundant manganese-based disordered rock salt (DRX) cathodes. However, fluorination in the DRX bulk remains a challenge for scalable solid-state synthesis. In this study, a tailored reaction pathway is proposed to synthesize a highly fluorinated DRX. It is demonstrated for the first time that the unconventional precursors, Li<sub>6</sub>MnO<sub>4</sub>, MnF<sub>2</sub>, and TiO<sub>2</sub>, can avoid the formation of Mn-based intermediates (such as Li<sub>2</sub>(Mn,Ti)O<sub>3,</sub> LiMnO<sub>2</sub>, and Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>), which, once formed, persist until the synthesis temperature reaches close to or above that required for fluorine volatility. Therefore, this method can form a highly fluorinated DRX with a composition of Li<sub>1.23</sub>Mn<sub>0.40</sub>Ti<sub>0.37</sub>O<sub>2-y</sub>F<sub>y</sub> (y = 0.29{\textendash}0.34) at a low temperature (800\&nbsp;{\textdegree}C) relative to that required for conventional DRX solid-state reactions (>=900\&nbsp;{\textdegree}C). Li<sub>1.23</sub>Mn<sub>0.40</sub>Ti<sub>0.37</sub>O<sub>2-y</sub>F<sub>y</sub> (y = 0.29{\textendash}0.34) delivers a specific capacity above 300 mAh g<sup>-1</sup> and a specific energy of 980\&nbsp;Wh kg<sup>-1</sup> at 30\&nbsp;{\textdegree}C. Detailed characterization reveals that this DRX phase reversibly utilizes Mn<sup>2+/3+</sup> redox in the low-voltage region and Mn<sup>3+/4+</sup> redox in the middle-voltage range, whereas reversible oxygen redox is observed at high potentials.</p>},
  year = {2025},
  booktitle = {Advanced Energy Materials},
  journal = {Advanced Energy Materials},
  series = {Advanced Energy Materials},
  volume = {15},
  month = {07/2025},
  institution = {Wiley},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  issn = {1614-6832, 1614-6840},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202500492},
  doi = {10.1002/aenm.202500492},
}