@article{34837,
  author = {Jared Langevin and Chioke B Harris and Aven Satre-Meloy and Handi Chandra Putra and Andrew Speake and Elaina Present and Rajendra Adhikari and Eric Wilson and Andrew Satchwell},
  title = {U.S. Building Energy Efficiency and Flexibility as an Electric Grid Resource},
  abstract = {<p>Buildings consume 75% of U.S. electricity; therefore, improving the efficiency and flexibility<br />of building operations could increase the reliability and resilience of the rapidly-changing<br />electricity system. We estimate the technical potential near- and long-term impacts of best<br />available building efficiency and flexibility measures on annual electricity use and hourly demand<br />across the contiguous U.S. Co-deployment of building efficiency and flexibility avoids up<br />to 742 TWh of annual electricity use and 181 GW of daily net peak load in 2030, rising to 800<br />TWh and 208 GW by 2050; at least 59 GW and 69 GW of the peak reductions are dispatchable.<br />Implementing efficiency measures alongside flexibility measures reduces the potential for<br />off-peak load increases, underscoring limitations on load shifting in efficient buildings. Overall,<br />however, we find a substantial building-grid resource that could reduce future fossil-fired<br />generation needs while also reducing dependence on energy storage with increasing variable<br />renewable energy penetration.</p>},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  month = {01/2021},
  url = {https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3767157},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3767157},
  language = {eng},
}