@article{34740,
  keywords = {CO2 emissions, Peak load, Mismatch problem, Borehole thermal energy storage, Water tank, Energy bill},
  author = {Haoran Li and Juan Hou and Tianzhen Hong and Yuemin Ding and Natasa Nord},
  title = {Energy, economic, and environmental analysis of integration of thermal energy storage into district heating systems using waste heat from data centres},
  abstract = {<p><span>Data centres produce waste heat, which can be utilized in district heating systems. However, the mismatch between data centres{\textquoteright} heat supply and district heating systems{\textquoteright} heat demands limits its utilization. Further, high peak loads increase the operation cost of district heating systems. This study aimed to solve these problems by introducing thermal energy storages. A water tank and a borehole thermal energy storage system were selected as the short-term and long-term thermal energy storage, respectively. Energy, economic, and environmental indicators were introduced to evaluate different solutions. The case study was a campus district heating system in Norway. Results showed that the water tank could shave the peak load by 31\% and save the annual energy cost by 5\%. The payback period was lower than 15 years when the storage efficiency remained higher than 80\%. However, it had no obvious benefits in terms of mismatch relieving and CO</span><span>2</span><span>\&nbsp;emissions reduction. In contrast, the borehole thermal energy storage increased the waste heat utilization rate to 96\% and reduced the annual CO</span><span>2</span><span>\&nbsp;emissions by 8\%. However, the payback period was more than 17 years. These results provide guidelines for the retrofit of district heating systems, where data centres{\textquoteright} waste heat is available.</span></p>},
  year = {2021},
  booktitle = {Energy},
  journal = {Energy},
  series = {Energy},
  volume = {219},
  pages = {119582},
  month = {03/2021},
  issn = {03605442},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S036054422032689X?via\%3Dihub},
  doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2020.119582},
  language = {eng},
}