@article{31912,
  author = {jose iria and Miguel Heleno and Gonçalo Cardoso},
  title = {Optimal sizing and placement of energy storage systems and on-load tap changer transformers in distribution networks},
  abstract = {<p>The large-scale deployment of distributed energy resources will produce reverse power flows, voltage, and congestion problems in the distribution networks. This paper proposes a novel optimization model to support distribution system operators planning future medium voltage distribution networks characterized by high penetration of behind-the-meter distributed energy resources. The optimization model defines the optimal mix, placement, and size of on-load tap charger transformers and energy storage devices with the objectives of mitigating network technical problems and minimizing both investment and operation costs. The proposed optimization model relaxes the non-convex formulation of the optimal power flow to a constrained second-order cone programming model and exactly linearizes the non-linear model of the on-load tap changer transformer via binary expansion scheme and big-M method. These two transformations reduce the computational burden of the optimization allowing it to be applicable to real-scale distribution grids, as demonstrated by the results. The numerical results also show that the joint optimization of energy storage devices and on-load tap changer transformers produces a more affordable and flexible planning strategy than the individual optimization of the technologies.</p>},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Applied Energy},
  volume = {250},
  pages = {1147 - 1157},
  month = {09/2019},
  issn = {03062619},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.04.120},
  language = {eng},
}