Understanding and controlling the surface activities of electrode materials is critical for optimizing the battery performance, especially for nanoparticles with high surface area. Na0.44MnO2 is a promising positive electrode material for large-scale sodium-ion batteries. However, its application in grid-scale energy storage requires improvements in cycling stability at high rate. Here, we performed comprehensive surface-sensitive soft x-ray spectroscopic studies of the Na0.44MnO2 electrode. We are able to quantitatively determine the Mn evolution upon the potentials and cycle numbers. We reveal the Mn2+ formation on the top 10nm of Na0.44MnO2 particles when the electrochemical potential is below 2.6V, which does not occur in the bulk. A portion of the surface Mn2+ compounds become electrochemically inactive after extended cycles, contributing to the capacity fading. Based on the spectroscopic discoveries, we demonstrate that cycling Na0.44MnO2 above 3V could efficiently suppress the Mn2+ formation.
}, year = {2015}, journal = {Nano Energy}, volume = {16}, pages = {186 - 195}, month = {01/2015}, issn = {22112855}, doi = {10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.06.024}, language = {eng}, }