@article{27864,
  author = {Michael C Tucker and Adam Phillips and Adam Z Weber},
  title = {All-Iron Redox Flow Battery Tailored for Off-Grid Portable Applications},
  abstract = {<p>An all-iron redox flow battery is proposed and developed for end users without access to an electricity grid. The concept is a low-cost battery which the user assembles, discharges, and then disposes of the active materials. The design goals are: (1) minimize upfront cost, (2) maximize discharge energy, and (3) utilize non-toxic and environmentally benign materials. These are different goals than typically considered for electrochemical battery technology, which provides the opportunity for a novel solution. The selected materials are: low-carbon-steel negative electrode, paper separator, porous-carbon-paper positive electrode, and electrolyte solution containing 0.5&thinsp;<span class="smallCaps">m</span> Fe<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> active material and 1.2&thinsp;<span class="smallCaps">m</span> NaCl supporting electrolyte. With these materials, an average power density around 20 mW&thinsp;cm<sup>−2</sup> and a maximum energy density of 11.5 Wh&thinsp;L<sup>−1</sup> are achieved. A simple cost model indicates the consumable materials cost US$6.45 per kWh<sup>−1</sup>, or only US$0.034 per mobile phone charge.</p>},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {ChemSusChem},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {3996 - 4004},
  month = {12/2015},
  doi = {10.1002/cssc.201500845},
}