@misc{27239,
  author = {André Anders and T Schulke},
  title = {Predicting Ion Charge State Distributions of Vacuum Arc Plasmas},
  abstract = {<p>Multiply charged ions are present in vacuum<br />arc plasmas. The ions are produced at cathode spots,<br />and their charge state distributions (CSDs) depend on<br />the cathode material but only little on the arc current<br />or other parameters as long as the current is relatively<br />low and the anode is not actively involved in the<br />plasma production. There are experimental data of<br />ion CSDs available in the literature for 50 different<br />cathode materials. The CSDs can be calculated based<br />on the assumption that thermodynamic equilibrium is<br />valid in the vicinity of the cathode spot, and the<br />equilibrium CSDs "freeze" at a certain distance from<br />the cathode spot (transition to a non-equilibrium<br />plasma). Plasma temperatures and densities at the<br />"freezing points" have been calculated, and, based on<br />the existence of characteristic groups of elements in<br />the Periodic Table, predictions of CSDs can be made<br />for metallic elements which have not yet been used as<br />catqode materials.</p>},
  year = {1996},
}