@article{27103,
  keywords = {Degradation, Climate change mitigation, Battery, Energy balance, Grid storage, Lithium ion},
  author = {Roger Sathre and Corinne D Scown and Olga Kavvada and Thomas P Hendrickson},
  title = {Energy and climate effects of second-life use of electric vehicle batteries in California through 2050},
  abstract = {<p>As the use of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) further increases in the coming decades, a growing stream of batteries will reach the end of their service lives. Here we study the potential of those batteries to be used in second-life applications to enable the expansion of intermittent renewable electricity supply in California through the year 2050. We develop and apply a parametric life-cycle system model integrating battery supply, degradation, logistics, and second-life use. We calculate and compare several metrics of second-life system performance, including cumulative electricity delivered, energy balance, greenhouse gas (GHG) balance, and energy stored on invested. We find that second-life use of retired PEV batteries may play a modest, though not insignificant, role in California's future energy system. The electricity delivered by second-life batteries in 2050 under base-case modeling conditions is 15&nbsp;TWh per year, about 5% of total current and projected electricity use in California. If used instead of natural gas-fired electricity generation, this electricity would reduce GHG emissions by about 7 million metric tons of CO<sub>2</sub>e per year in 2050.</p>},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Journal of Power Sources},
  volume = {288},
  pages = {82 - 91},
  month = {08/2015},
  issn = {03787753},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.04.097},
}