@article{26762,
  author = {Kevin G Gallagher and Steven Goebel and Thomas Greszler and Mark Mathias and Wolfgang Oelerich and Damla Eroglu and Venkat Srinivasan},
  title = {Quantifying the promise of lithium–air batteries for electric vehicles},
  abstract = {<p>Researchers worldwide view the high theoretical specific energy of the lithium–air or lithium–oxygen battery as a promising path to a transformational energy-storage system for electric vehicles. Here, we present a self-consistent material-to-system analysis of the best-case mass, volume, and cost values for the nonaqueous lithium–oxygen battery and compare them with current and advanced lithium-based batteries using metal-oxide positive electrodes. Surprisingly, despite their high theoretical specific energy, lithium–oxygen systems were projected to achieve parity with other candidate chemistries as a result of the requirement to deliver and purify or to enclose the gaseous oxygen reactant. The theoretical specific energy, which leads to predictions of an order of magnitude improvement over a traditional lithium-ion battery, is shown to be an inadequate predictor of systems-level cost, volume, and mass. This analysis reveals the importance of system-level considerations and identifies the reversible lithium-metal negative electrode as a common, critical high-risk technology needed for batteries to reach long-term automotive objectives. Additionally, advanced lithium-ion technology was found to be a moderate risk pathway to achieve the majority of volume and cost reductions.</p>},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {Energy & Environmental Science},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {1555-1563},
  month = {03/2014},
  doi = {10.1039/C3EE43870H},
  language = {eng},
}