@inproceedings{11265,
  keywords = {Indoor environment department, Exposure, Airflow and pollutant transport group, Countermeasures to chemical and biological threats, Shelter-in-place, Airflow modeling, Comis, Emergency response},
  author = {Michael D Sohn and Richard G Sextro and David M Lorenzetti},
  title = {Assessing Sheltering-In-Place Responses to Outdoor Toxic Releases},
  abstract = {<p>An accidental or intentional outdoor release of pollutants can produce a hazardous plume, potentially contaminating large portions of a metropolitan area as it disperses downwind. To minimize health consequences on the populace, government and research organizations often recommend sheltering in place when evacuation is impractical. Some reports also recommend "hardening" an indoor shelter, for example by applying duct tape to prevent leakage into a bathroom. However, few studies have quantified the perceived beneficial effects of sheltering and hardening, or examined the limits of their applicability. In this paper, we examine how sheltering and hardening might reduce exposure levels under different building and meteorological conditions (e.g., wind direction). We predict concentrations and exposure levels for several conditions, and discuss the net benefits from several sheltering and hardening options.</p>},
  year = {2005},
  booktitle = {10th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate - Indoor Air 2005, Sept. 4-9, 2005},
  journal = {10th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate - Indoor Air 2005, Sept. 4-9, 2005},
  series = {10th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate - Indoor Air 2005, Sept. 4-9, 2005},
  volume = {2(6)},
  pages = {1792-1796},
  month = {09/2005},
  institution = {Tsinghua University Press},
  publisher = {Tsinghua University Press},
  address = {Beijing, China},
  language = {eng},
}