@article{22207,
  author = {Deborah H Bennett and Thomas E McKone and John S Evans and William W Nazaroff and Manuele D Margni and Olivier Jolliet and Kirk R Smith},
  title = {Defining intake fraction},
  abstract = {<p>Activities such as comparative risk analysis, life-cycle assessment, emissions trading and sustainable  development are creating a growing demand for reliable and consistent information about the potential  adverse effects of the thousands of chemicals released to the environment.  This demand has fostered  measurement and modeling efforts that link emissions to the resulting human exposures and subsequent  health effects for a wide range of human products and activities, such manufacture and disposal of  consumer goods, cooking, smoking, energy conversion, industrial production, and agriculture. For many  pollutants, a preliminary estimate of the human health risk that is posed by an environmental release can be  determined from the combination of three factors: (1) the quantity released; (2) the incremental intake per  unit release; and (3) the risk of adverse effect per unit intake.  This paper addresses the second term, the  emissions-to-intake relationship. As discussed in a recent literature review, several researchers have  independently developed similar approaches for relating source emissions to human intake for various  pollutants and exposure pathways.  Consequently, multiple terms, definitions, and units exist for what  appears to be a single, yet multifaceted concept.  But there are inconsistencies both in terminology and  definitions among various researchers quantifying emissions-to-intake relationships.  Differences in  definitions leads to unnecessary complexity in comparing results from different research groups.   Inconsistency in terminology when the same quantity is being calculated leads to further lack of  transparency. We formed a working group and prepared this article to communicate our recommendations.   for a set of terms and associated definitions that are descriptive, simple, accurate, and consistent both with  common usage and usage in all relevant disciplines; are flexible to permit application over a broad range of  potential uses; and reflect consensus among a large number of researchers.  We propose the term intake  fraction (iF) as the primary label for quantifying the emissions-to-intake relationship.   Because the effort to employ intake fraction is in its early stages and is gaining momentum, now is the  time to build consensus on terminology. Doing so will allow us to communicate more effectively both  among ourselves and also with practitioners in related fields.</p>},
  year = {2002},
  journal = {Environmental Science & Technology},
  volume = {36},
  pages = {207A-211A},
  publisher = {I},
  language = {eng},
}