@article{22204,
  author = {Deborah H Bennett and Manuele D Margni and Thomas E McKone and Olivier Jolliet},
  title = {Intake Fraction for Multimedia Pollutants: A  Tool for Life Cycle Analysis and Comparative Risk Assessment},
  abstract = {<p>We employ the concept of Intake Fraction (iF) as an effective way to understand the source-to-dose  relationship for pollutant emissions in Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) or comparative risk assessment.  Intake  fraction is the fraction of chemical mass emitted into the environment that eventually passes into a member  of the population through inhalation, ingestion, or dermal exposure.  To date, this concept has been  primarily applied to pollutants whose primary route of exposure is inhalation.  Here we extend the use of iF  to multimedia pollutants with multiple exposure pathways.  We use a level III multimedia model to  calculate iF for TCDD and compare the results to one calculated from measured levels of dioxin toxic  equivalents in the environment.  We calculate iF for emissions to air and surface water for 244 chemicals.   We correlate the primary exposure route with the magnitudes of the octanol-water partition coefficient,  Kow, and of the air-water partitioning coefficient (dimensionless Henry constant), Kaw.  This results in value  ranges of Kow and Kaw where the chemical exposure route can be classified with limited input data  requirements as primarily inhalation, primarily ingestion, or multi-pathway.  For the inhalation and  ingestion dominant pollutants, we also define empirical relationships based on chemical properties for  quantifying dose fraction.  The empirical relationships facilitate rapid evaluation of many chemicals in  terms of the potential dose.  By defining a theoretical upper limit for iF in a multimedia environment we  find that iF calculations provide insight into the multimedia model algorithms and help identify unusual  patterns of exposure and questionable exposure model results.</p>},
  year = {2002},
  journal = {Risk Analysis},
  volume = {22},
  number = {5},
  pages = {903-916},
  language = {eng},
}