@article{22186,
  keywords = {Indoor environment department, Ozone, Exposure and health effects, Diesel particulate matter, Environmental justice, Exposure analysis, Geographic information system (gis), Mobility, Environmental Chemistry, Exposure and Risk Group},
  author = {Julian D Marshall and Patrick W Granvold and Abigail S Hoats and Thomas E McKone and Elizabeth Deakin and William W Nazaroff},
  title = {Inhalation intake of ambient air pollution in California's South Coast Air Basin},
  abstract = {<p>Reliable estimates of inhalation intake of air pollution and its distribution among a specified population are important for environmental epidemiology, health risk assessment, urban planning, and environmental policy. We computed distributional characteristics of the inhalation intake of five pollutants for a group of ~25,000 people (~29,000 person-days) living in California's South Coast Air Basin. Our approach incorporates four main inputs: temporally resolved information about people's location (latitude and longitude), microenvironment, and activity level; temporally and spatially explicit model determinations of ambient concentrations; stochastically determined microenvironmental adjustment factors relating the exposure concentration to the ambient concentration; and, age-, gender-, and activity-specific breathing rates. Our study is restricted to pollutants of outdoor origin, i.e. it does not incorporate intake in a microenvironment from direct emissions into that microenvironment. Median estimated inhalation intake rates (μg d<sup>-1</sup>) are 53 for benzene, 5.1 for 1,3-butadiene, 8.7 10<sup>-4</sup> for hexavalent chromium in fine particulate matter (Cr-PM<sub>2.5</sub>), 30 for diesel fine particulate matter (DPM<sub>2.5</sub>), and 68 for ozone. For the four primary pollutants studied, estimated median intake rates are higher for non-whites and for individuals in low-income households than for the population as a whole. For ozone, a secondary pollutant, the reverse is true. Accounting for microenvironmental adjustment factors, population mobility, and temporal correlations between pollutant concentrations and breathing rates affects the estimated inhalation intake by 40% on average. The approach presented here could be extended to quantify the impact on intakes and intake distributions of proposed changes in emissions, air quality, and urban infrastructure.</p>},
  year = {2006},
  journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
  volume = {40},
  number = {23},
  pages = {4381-4392},
  month = {07/2006},
  doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.03.034},
  language = {eng},
}