@inproceedings{21725,
  keywords = {dispersed storage and generation, power quality, power system economics, cogeneration, cooling, power system reliability, buildings, optimization methods},
  author = {Chris Marnay and Judy Lai and Michael Stadler and Afzal S Siddiqui},
  title = {Added Value of Reliability to a Microgrid: Simulations of Three California Buildings},
  abstract = {<p>The Distributed Energy Resources Customer Adoption Model is used to estimate the value an Oakland nursing home, a Riverside high school, and a Sunnyvale data center would need to put on higher electricity service reliability for them to adopt a Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions Microgrid (CM) based on economics alone. A fraction of each building's load is deemed critical based on its mission, and the added cost of CM capability to meet it added to on-site generation options. The three sites are analyzed with various resources available as microgrid components. Results show that the value placed on higher reliability often does not have to be significant for CM to appear attractive, about 25 $/kW•a and up, but the carbon footprint consequences are mixed because storage is often used to shift cheaper off-peak electricity to use during afternoon hours in competition with the solar sources.</p>},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {Cigré Integration of Wide-Scale Renewable Resources into the Power Delivery System, July 29-31, 2009},
  pages = {9},
  month = {07/2009},
  address = {Calgary, Canada},
}